Which programming language enables dynamic changes on web pages?

Javascript is the programming language that enables dynamic changes on web pages. It is primarily used to create interactive effects within web browsers. When a user interacts with a web page, Javascript can modify the content, structure, and style of the page in real-time, enhancing the user experience. This allows developers to create features like form validation, interactive maps, animations, and updates without requiring a full page reload.

In contrast, HTML is a markup language that structures content on the web, while CSS provides styling to that content. Neither HTML nor CSS has the capability to make dynamic changes on their own. Java, on the other hand, is a general-purpose programming language not predominantly used for client-side web interactivity but rather for server-side applications or standalone applications. Thus, Javascript stands out as the language specifically designed to enable dynamic interaction and responsiveness on web pages.